Future of Educational Finance Essay Example for Free

Fate of Educational Finance Essay Gary Marx expressed â€Å"identifying, observing and considering the ramifications of patterns is one of the most fundamental procedures for making the future† (Stevenson, 2010 p. 1). The universe of instruction is perpetually changing at a pace that gets increasingly quick as the years go on. The choices made in the past have established the framework of training today, as will late changes influence what's to come. Projects, for example, decision tutoring and No Child Left Behind will affect school financing. Decisions, for example, the Lemon Test and partition of chapel and state will affect choices that can conceivably bring about prosecution and court decisions directing instructive choices. In his work in regards to instructive patterns, Kenneth Stevenson (2010) expressed, â€Å"a proceeding with downturn, heightening political polarization, rising racial/ethnic strains, a developing national obligation, and a broadening separate between those who are well off and the less wealthy predict a future full of uncommon difficulties to and conflicts over the structure and substance of government funded training in America† (p.1). Investigation of the Lemon Test The Lemon Test was made by Chief Justice Warren Berger because of the legal dispute Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) and depends on the standards expressed in Everson v. Leading body of Education. The instance of Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) fixated on Rhode Island’s Salary Supplement Act. This demonstration affirmed a pay supplement of up to fifteen percent for educators who showed common subjects in private strict schools or non-open grade schools. The courts verified that around twenty-five percent of Rhode Island’s understudies went to non-state funded schools. Moreover, ninety-five percent of the parochial schools were Roman Catholic. Pennsylvania offered a comparable program that repaid non-state funded schools for costs identified with common instruction and expected schools to represent the costs independently. Around 20% of Pennsylvania’s youngsters went to non-state funded schools and ninety-six percent of the schools had a strict association. The high courts saw its own points of reference and discovered that, in orderâ for a law to be in consistence with the Establishment condition it, â€Å"must have a common authoritative reason; second, its head or essential impact must be one that neither advances nor represses religion; at long last, the resolution must not cultivate an unnecessary government entrapment with religion (Barnes, 2010, p. 2-3). The Lemon test was made to, â€Å"determine when a law has the impact of setting up religion† (The Basics, 2014, p. 3). The court applied the Lemon test to the Pennsylvania and Rhode Island supplemental financing programs and considered that the projects in the two states were illegal (The Lemon Test, 2009). The two projects met the principal prerequisite of the Lemon test as they had a mainstream reason. In any case, the court established that it was hazy if the projects met the second arrangement of models as â€Å"while the guide was proposed for mainstream use, it was not so much common in effect† (The Lemon Test, 2009, p. 1). The court concluded that it didn't have to set up if the projects met the second piece of the Lemon test as they neglected to meet the third standard as the two projects â€Å"excessively trapping state heads with the activities of parochial schools† (The Lemon Test, 2009, p. 1). The Lemon test has â€Å"become an incredibly powerful legitimate precept, administering not just cases including government subsidizing of strict foundations yet additionally cases in which the administration advanced strict messages. Throughout the years, in any case, numerous judges have reprimanded the test in light of the fact that the court has regularly applied it to require an exacting partition among chapel and state† (The Lemon Test, 2009, p. 1). The test has been the establishment for a considerable lot of the court’s administering with respect to the foundation provision since 1971. The choice The thought of vouchers for instruction was first presented in mid 1950 out of a transition to privatize training. In that equivalent year, because of Brown v. Leading body of Education, the southern states put the main voucher program energetically as an approach to â€Å"enable white understudies of all pay levels to go to the isolation institutes and keep accepting a freely financed, all white education† (Save our Schools NJ, 2014). In 1989, Wisconsin’s progressively current voucher programs, concentrated on helpless offspring everything being equal. (Spare our Schools NJ, 2014). Notwithstanding the idea of the voucher program, the effect is the equivalent citizen reserves being redirected from state funded school financing. In 2002, the Supreme Court administering of the instance of Zelman V. Simmons-Harrisà ¢ stated that it was anything but an infringement of the Establishment Clause to give grants to certain understudies to go to private or parochial schools. This decision subsequently affected the improvement of S1872, otherwise called the Opportunity Scholarship Act. This demonstration took into consideration vouchers to go to private or strict schools. Changes from S1872 brought about a nearly $1 billion dollar income misfortune for school financing before the finish of its fifth year (NJEA, 2011). Notwithstanding the administration income lost, a 100% assessment credit is given to organizations who give to these assets in this way losing extra income. The youngsters given these grant vouchers are kids from focused bombing school regions, which at that point bring about that previously bombing area to lose extra weighted financing for those kids. â€Å"Shifting a bunch of understudies from a state funded school into tuition based schools won't decline what the government funded school must compensation for instructors and offices, yet subsidizing for those costs will diminish as understudies leave† (NCSL, 2014). An investigation by the American Federation of Teachers in 2011 took a gander at the income lost in a few states because of cash being occupied to voucher programs. As a rule, these projects acquired subsidizing by either expanding charges or by decreasing state help to nearby school locale. Both the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program and the Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program did only that. The Milwaukee program, in 2009, cost citizens generally $130 million and the Cleveland program decreased Disadvantaged Pupil Impact Aid to the Cleveland state funded schools by $11,901,887 in 2007 (American Federation of Teachers, 2011). One of the most noteworthy issues with voucher programs is the way that they don't have indistinguishable checking and guidelines from government funded schools so as to get financing. â€Å"Perhaps the greatest study of market-based changes, for example, school decision and execution based responsibility is that they will additionally intensify disparities in education† (Fusarelli and Young, 2011, p. 92). Not all program subsidizing is circulated in the projects dependent on destitution. Guardians of a custom curriculum understudies are not ensured specialized curriculum administrations. Likewise, numerous projects are not observed for the manner in which they suitable cash. At the point when a survey of the Arizona charge credit programs was led, it was found that â€Å"almost 66% of all voucher associations saved a bigger number of assets for overhead than permitted under state law† (AFT, 2011, p. 7). Per understudy income that neighborhood areas lose toâ these programs isn't destined to be 100% applied to the understudies going to the tuition based school. In 2011, the U.S. Division of Education had a spending cut of $5 billion (The Education Trust, n.d.). In 2013-2014, more than 35 states are giving less financing per understudies, over 10% in fourteen of them. (Leachman Mai, 2014). With diminishing numbers, for example, these, voucher programs just keep on taking steps to remove restricted financing from nearby areas. Kept subsidizing cuts will affect the financial fate of our nation. As expressed by Brimley et al. the more instruction gave, the more riches created; the more riches made, the more supports accessible for venture; the greater speculation attempted, the more riches accessible for interest in physical and human capital: (Brimley et al., 2012, p. 3). The Impact of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) is the biggest government subsidizing program throughout the entire existence of the United States. No Child Left Behind is a, â€Å"reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), which began in 1965 as a component of the War on Poverty† (Braden and Schroeder, n.d., p. 1). While NCLB gives extra subsidizing from the central government it likewise forces orders that states must follow. The strengthening financing gave under the No Child Left Behind Act isn't really enough for states to fulfill the guidelines required by the demonstration. The primary focal point of NCLB is Title I financing which the central government assigns to states to help give instruction to financially impeded understudies. No Child Left Behind incorporates eight different types of Title financing, for example, school wellbeing, educator quality, evaluations, and American Indian training (Braden and Schroeder, n.d., p. 1). Title I reserves are the most significant piece of No Child Left Behind as most of the assets are reserved for Title I purposes and Title I financing considers states responsible for understudy accomplishment as confirm on state evaluations. The move towards considering states responsible for understudy accomplishment started preceding the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Most states remembered responsibility for their instruction change acts during the 1990s (Ladd, 2001). Continuously 2001, a similar year as NCLB, in excess of forty states distributed a school report card, the greater part had some kind of school accomplishment rating, and various states offered help or authorizes to schools with low studentâ performance (Meyer, Orlofsky, Skinner, Spicer, 2002). In January of 2002, No Child Left Behind was marked into law and without precedent for history the government

Life under slavery in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Life under servitude in the United States - Essay Example In spite of the fact that servitude was later nullified utilizing harmony settlements, plainly during the slave time frame, most slaves experienced genuine enduring brutal everyday environments under their masters’ care. African-Americans were utilized as slaves in the seventeenth century in any event, during the American Revolution and during the reception of the Constitution in 1787. During this period, there were clear rules on when slaves began their work routine and when it finished every day. Slaves worked for extended periods of time whereby work began previously, first light, and finished after dusk with just a two-hour break. They worked under steady managements with dangers of discipline by administrators paying little mind to who their proprietors were. There were submitted to unforgiving conditions and regardless of their absence of opportunity, they were not generally rendered weak casualties, as they had the option to begin significant organizations (Reese 208). Europeans settled in America and put resources into sugarcane and tobacco ranches, which had flourished in zones like the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages. At the point when European vendors were cruising, they embraced such practices into their new settlements. This early manors required work and the Europeans detested the work required in the estates and the indigenous individuals would not chip away at it, and this prompted constrained slave work (Rodriguez 33). There was a huge development of the populace that was oppressed in Americas, which was conceivable because of the transoceanic slave exchange. The populace expanded on the grounds that slaves banned more youngsters and cotton cultivating began profiting by the subjugation in America in 1800 and it spread to different states (Elkins 35). Subjection was met with opposition as slaves once in a while fled and covered up in woods or saw family members in different manors. Some had the option to get away from bondage for good however some were unfortunate as they were seriously rebuffed, and others were even shot to death or nibbled by the proprietors hounds

Adventures Of Huck Finn Essays - Literature,

Experiences of Huck Finn title = Adventures of Huck Finn American Heritage Pd 5 and 6 The Adventures of Huckelberry Finn Imprint Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a little fellow's transitioning in the Missouri of the mid-1800's. The principle character, Huckleberry Finn, invests a lot of energy in the novel coasting down the Mississippi River on a pontoon with a runaway slave named Jim. Prior to he does as such, in any case, Huck invests some energy in the anecdotal town of St. Petersburg where various individuals endeavor to impact him. Prior to the novel starts, Huck Finn has driven an existence of supreme opportunity. His inebriated and frequently missing dad has never paid a lot consideration regarding him; his mom is dead thus, when the novel starts, Huck is not used to observing any standards. The book's initial discovers Huck living with the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. The two ladies are genuinely old also, are actually to some degree unequipped for raising an insubordinate kid like Huck Finn. In any case, they endeavor to cause Huck into what they to accept will be a superior kid. In particular, they endeavor, as Huck says, to sivilize him. This procedure incorporates causing Huck to go to class, showing him different strict realities, and making him act such that the ladies find socially adequate. Huck, who has never needed to keep numerous standards throughout his life, finds the requests the ladies place upon him obliging and the existence with them forlorn. Thus, not long after he first moves in with them, he flees. He before long returns, at the same time, despite the fact that he turns out to be to some degree agreeable with his new life as the months pass by, Huck never truly appreciates the life of habits, religion, and training that the Widow and her sister force upon him. Huck accepts he will discover some opportunity with Tom Sawyer. Tom is a kid of Huck's age who guarantees Huck and different young men of the town an existence of experience. Huck is anxious to join Tom Sawyer's Gang since he feels that doing so will permit him to get away from the to some degree exhausting life he leads with the Widow Douglas. Sadly, such a departure doesn't happen. Tom Sawyer guarantees much?robbing stages, killing and recovering individuals, kidnaping delightful women?but none of this happens. Huck discovers past the point of no return that Tom's experiences are fanciful: that attacking a band of A-rabs truly implies threatening little youngsters on a Sunday school excursion, that taken joolry is simply turnips or rocks. Huck is baffled that the undertakings Tom guarantees are not genuine and in this way, alongside different individuals, he leaves the group. Someone else who attempts to get Huckleberry Finn to change is Pap, Huck's dad. Pap is one of the most shocking figures in the entirety of American writing as he is totally reserved and wishes to fix the entirety of the humanizing impacts that the Widow and Miss Watson have endeavored to ingrain in Huck. Pap is a wreck: he is whiskered; his hair is whole and hangs like vines before his face; his skin, Huck says, is white like a fish's stomach or like a tree toad's. Pap's savage appearance mirrors his emotions as he requests that Huck quit school, quit perusing, and keep away from chapel. Huck is ready to avoid Pap for some time, however Pap hijacks Huck three or four months after Huck begins to live with the Widow and takes him to a forlorn lodge somewhere down in the Missouri woods. Here, Huck appreciates, by and by, the opportunity that he had before the start of the book. He can smoke, laze around, swear, and, as a rule, do what he needs to do. Be that as it may, as he did with the Widow and with Tom, Huck starts to get disappointed with this life. Pap is excessively convenient with the hickory and Huck before long figures it out that he should escape from the lodge in the event that he wishes to stay alive. As a consequence of his anxiety, Huck causes it to show up as though he is murdered in the lodge while Pap is away, and leaves to go to a remote island in the Mississippi Stream, Jackson's Island. It is after he leaves his dad's lodge that Huck joins one more significant impact in his life: Miss Watson's slave, Jim. Before Huck's leaving, Jim has been a minor character in the novel?he has been appeared being tricked by Tom Sawyer and disclosing to Huck's fortune. Huck discovers Jim on Jackson's Island in light of the fact that the slave has run away?he has caught a discussion

Quest for Eternity in the Poetry of Dickinson Essay -- Biography Biogr

Journey for Eternity in the Poetry of Dickinson   â â Over the previous barely any decades, a significant number of remarks have been made on the possibility of endlessness in Emily Dickinson's verse. Coming up next are a few models: Robert Weisbuch's Emily Dickinson's Poetry (1975), Jane Donahue Eberwein's Dickinson: Strategies of Limitation (1985), Dorothy Huff Oberhaus' Emily Dickinson's Fascicles: Method and Meaning (1995), and James McIntosh's Nimble Believing: Dickinson and the Unknown (2000). Be that as it may, conclusions fluctuate with respect to how Dickinson investigated the inquiry in regards to forever; much ink has still been spent on the issue. This paper, thusly, gives another conversation of the possibility of time everlasting portrayed in Dickinson's verse. I will talk about the issue by thinking about how her sonnets depict the procedure through which the artist at long last arrives at the confidence in forever defeating the fight among Christianity and logical information and that among Romanticism and exis tentialism.  As a start, let us take a gander at one of the sonnets wherein Dickinson gives a definite record of a deathbed scene: The most recent Night that She lived It was a Common Night But the Dying-this to Us Made Nature extraordinary We saw littlest things- Things neglected previously By this extraordinary light upon our Minds Stressed as 'twere. As We went out and in Between Her last Room What's more, Rooms where Those to be alive Tomorrow were, a Blame That Others could exist While She should complete very A Jealousy for Her emerged So almost boundless - (P-1100)  It is assumed that Dickinson composed this bit of stanza in around 1886. In May of that year, Laura Dickey, the spouse of Frank W. of Michigan, ... ...Dickinson. 2 vols. 1974. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1994. Stocks, Kenneth. Emily Dickinson and the Modern Consciousness. Hong Kong: Macmillan, 1988. Wolff, Cynthia Griffin. Emily Dickinson. 1986. Perusing: Addison, 1988. Works Consulted Kjaer, Niels Pastor. The Poet of Moment: Emily Dickinson and Soren Kierkegaard. Dickinson Studies 59 (1986): 46-9. McIntosh, James. Deft Believing: Dickinson and the Unknown. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2000. Oberhaus, Dorothy Huff. Emily Dickinson's Fascicles: Method and Meaning. College Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1995. Rosenbaum, S. P., ed. A Concordance to the Poems of Emily Dickinson. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1964. Scholnick, Robert J., ed. American Literature and Science. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1992. Weisbuch, Robert. Emily Dickinson's Poetry. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1975. Â

The Kraken Story Essay Example

The Kraken Story Paper Day 126 We’ve been at the salty ocean for 18 weeks we still haven’t arrived at land. What to do? My entire team is prepared to pivot however I will not pivot without finding what I set out searching for. Day 128 CAN YOU BELIEVE IT.! We endure the unpleasant assault from the kraken. . . It began when I was writing in my diary, when I glanced out my window to locate a humongous eye the size of 3 supper plates. I bounced in my britches and hurried to the deck. It was pouring down downpour and the sky was totally dark with roaring mists shaping surrounding us. I attempted to pull in the sail before STRIKE! The lightning hit the mass and off it went to the ocean. I pivoted and my group was running and shouting like a crazy whirlwind. I hollered and shouted and shouted however they didn’t appear to tune in until 8, goliath, red arms came swinging at the pontoon. Fortunately they missed. I turned on the engines of the vessel trusting we could escape the krakens grip. He had us encircled! Everybody went to their fight stations. Men were firing firearms, tossing spears, and impacting standards. The kraken was angry! Out of no where the vessel began to rise, and before you know it we slid back in the water to locate the monster head legitimately above us. The eyes were gazing at us in the face, its arms seized a the pontoon, and we had no more weapons to shoot. We thought we were without a doubt dead when STRIKE! The lightning had spared us. The kraken gradually glided to the base of the sea as we celebrated in drinking a decent, cool lager. Presently were simply gradually cruising the sea, with no sail, planning to discover land, and arrive soon. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Kraken Story explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The Kraken Story explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Kraken Story explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

Guide to the 2016-17 University of Chicago Essay Prompts

Guide to the 2016-17 University of Chicago Essay Prompts College Spotlight: University of Chicago 2016-17 College Spotlight: University of Chicago 2016-17 The University of Chicago is known for its intellectually rigorous core curriculum, beautiful gothic architecture, and quirky application supplement (more on those oddball  essay prompts below). It’s a nerd paradise where the blustery Chicago winters are the perfect excuse to stay inside with a nice book or ten. Even though the unofficial school motto is, “If I wanted an A, I would have gone to Harvard,” school life isn’t all books and studying. With a vibrant student body, UChicago is definitely worth getting to know. So take a peek at the University of Chicago 2016-17 application highlights we’ve pulled together in our spotlight, and who knows, this might just become your dream school. The more you know, the stronger your application essays will be. Basic Stats Number of undergrads: 5,681 Student/faculty ratio: 6:1 Acceptance rate: 8.8% SAT/ACT required: Yes Coalition or Common App: Both Regular application deadline: January 1, 2017 Digging to the Details School Motto/Mission Statement “Let knowledge grow from more to more; and so be human life enriched.” Coolest School Tradition UChicago’s Doc Films is one of the most active film societies in the country! They screen something different every single night, and you’re just as likely to see a classic film as you are to catch a sneak preview of a movie that has yet to hit mainstream theaters. Most Popular Academic Programs Economics Biological Sciences Mathematics Political Science English Language and Literature Social Media UChicago is a very social school with separate profiles for the University and the Admissions Office. They’re even on Snapchat! Take advantage of this wealth of information, updates, and droolworthy photos as you decide whether and why Chicago might be right for you. Links below: University Facebook Admissions Facebook (Snag the Admissions snapcode here.) University Twitter (And the university snapcode here.) Admissions Twitter University Instagram Admissions Instagram Essay Prompts and Instructions Question 1 (required): How does the University of Chicago, as you know it now, satisfy your desire for a particular kind of learning, community, and future? Please address with some specificity your own wishes and how they relate to UChicago. Question 2 (optional): Share with us a few of your favorite books, poems, authors, films, plays, pieces of music, musicians, performers, paintings, artists, blogs, magazines, or newspapers. Feel free to touch on one, some, or all of the categories listed, or add a category of your own. EXTENDED ESSAY QUESTIONS *Required. Choose one. Essay Option 1: What is square one, and can you actually go back to it? Inspired by Maya Shaked, Class of 2018 Essay Option 2: Once, renowned physicist Werner Heisenberg said: “There is a fundamental error in separating the parts from the whole, the mistake of atomizing what should not be atomized. Unity and complementarity constitute reality.” Whether it’s Georges Seurat’s pointillism in “A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte,” the 1995-96 Chicago Bulls, quantum physics, or any other field of your choosing, when can the parts be separated from the whole and when can they not? Inspired by Ender Sahin, Class of 2020 Essay Option 3: The ball is in your courtâ€"a penny for your thoughts, but say it, don’t spray it. So long as you don’t bite off more than you can chew, beat around the bush, or cut corners, writing this essay should be a piece of cake. Create your own idiom, and tell us its originâ€"you know, the whole nine yards. PS: A picture is worth a thousand words.- Inspired by April Bell, Class of 2017, and Maya Shaked, Class of 2018 (It takes two to tango.) Essay Option 4: Alice falls down the rabbit hole. Milo drives through the tollbooth. Dorothy is swept up in the tornado. Neo takes the red pill. Don’t tell us about another world you’ve imagined, heard about, or created. Rather, tell us about its portal. Sure, some people think of the University of Chicago as a portal to their future, but please choose another portal to write about. Inspired by Raphael Hallerman, Class of 2020 Essay Option 5: According to Lázló Babai, Professor of Computer Science and Mathematics at the University of Chicago, it is unfortunate that mathematicians do not have any procedures in place for revoking theorems once their validity is established because sometimes our results would be nicer without them. If you had the power to obliterate any known truth for the sake of getting nicer results, what truth would you choose to obliterate and why? This power cannot be used as a Ctrl-Z on events in your own life. Inspired by Erin Horning, Class of 2016 Essay Option 6: In the spirit of adventurous inquiry, pose your own question or choose one of our past prompts. Be original, creative, thought provoking. Draw on your best qualities as a writer, thinker, visionary, social critic, sage, citizen of the world, or future citizen of the University of Chicago; take a little risk, and have fun. Complete instructions available on the UChicago Admissions website. Chicago too cold for you? Check out UNCs 2016-17 essay prompts. Learn how to do effective online  college research. About Thea HogarthView all posts by Thea Hogarth »

About The Transformational Journey Of A Public Health Administrator - 11275 Words

About The Transformational Journey Of A Public Health Administrator (Research Paper Sample) Content: Andrews UniversityLeadership and Educational Administration DepartmentReflection Paper for Competency 2 and 6dChange Agent and LeadershipPresented in Partial Fulfillmentof the Competency Requirements for the Degree ofDoctor of Philosophy in LeadershipTable of ContentsTOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Section 1. Introduction3Background3Key Definitions3Conclusion7Section 2. Leadership Theory8Introduction8Development of Transformational Leadership Theory9Why Transformational Leadership is Important12Counterargument: The Case for Transactional Leadership14Conclusion19Section 3. Personal Leadership Reflection20Introduction20Empirically Attested Leadership Orientations20Strengths Finder Results20Personality Type23Emotional Intelligence24Leadership Reflection and Narration25Future-Oriented Leadership Reflections37Entremational Leadership39Summative Conclusion40References42Reflection PaperSection 1. IntroductionBackgroundI have been involved at every level of management and leadership fo r various health cate facilitiesincluding intermediate health care, rehabilitative care, and nursing facilitiesfor nearly 27 years. My first relevant position in the field of healthcare administration dates back to 1990, when I was hired by Berkley Manor / Life Care Centers of America in Denver, Colorado. Currently, I am President and owner of Friendship Health and Rehab in Pewee Valley, Kentucky. Over the years, I have steadily risen in responsibility levels and accumulated a substantial amount of in-the-trenches knowledge of healthcare facility leadership. In writing this reflection paper, one of my main challenges was to be able to integrate my numerous and varied leadership experiences with what I have learned from the scholarly literature. I addressed the challenge by identifying a unifying theme, that of change management, and then using it to organize my (a) discussion of the leadership literature, (b) reflection on my leadership experiences, and (c) synthesis of theory and experience into a single leadership perspective of being a chance agent. As part of this discussion, I will also discuss what I call entremational leadership, a blending of entrepreneurial, transformational and service leadership, and a term that I have copyrighted.Key DefinitionsBefore proceeding to the body of the reflection paper, it would be useful to define leadership, particularly in a manner that can differentiate leadership from management. Forster offered a particular resonant definition of leadership and also distinguished leadership from management. According to Forster,Leadership is usually concerned with what needs to be donemanagement often focuses on how things should be done. Hence, a manager would focus on how quickly and efficiently an employee climbs up and down a ladder to perform a task. A leader would be primarily concerned with determining whether the task was appropriate in the first place, or if the ladder was leaning against the right wall, or if there was a better way to get up the wall. ADDIN EN.CITE Forster20058445(Forster, 2005, p. 5)8448446Forster, N.Maximum performance2005New York, NYEdward Elgar(Forster, 2005, p. 5).This definition is useful for defining leadership in terms of strategy and responsibility. However, in this definition, Forster offers a description of, rather than a prescription for, leadership. A more active definition of leadership is also needed, one in which there is more specific content about what leadership ought to consist of.Another definition of leadership was offered by Kouzes and Posner (2006) in terms of the five practices of leadership ADDIN EN.CITE Kouzes200614162(Kouzes Posner, 2006, p. 2)141614166Kouzes, James MPosner, Barry ZThe leadership challenge2006New York, NYJohn Wiley Sons0787964212(Kouzes Posner, 2006, p. 2): 1 Model the way 2 Inspire a shared vision 3 Challenge the process 4 Enable others to act 5 Encourage the heartThe leadership definition provided by Kouzes and Posner is more in alignment with the literature I will be reviewing and also with my own orientations as a leader. In particular, the leadership definition provided by Kouzes and Posner is in alignment with transformational leadership, which is the kind of leadership to which I paid the most attention in the reflection paper. Transformational leadership has been defined as follows:As its name implies, transformational leadership is a process that changes and transforms people. It is concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals. It includes assessing followers motives, satisfying their needs, and treating them as full human beings. Transformational leadership involves an exceptional form of influence that moves followers to accomplish more than what is usually expected of them. ADDIN EN.CITE Northouse20101424171(Northouse, 2010, p. 171)142414246Northouse, P.Leadership: theory and practice2010Thousand Oaks, CASage(Northouse, 2010, p. 171)As acknowledged in the second section of the literature review, transformational leadership is not the only type of leadership. However, there is a consensus in the literature ADDIN EN.CITE (Arnold, Barling, Kelloway, 2001; Barling, Weber, Kelloway, 1996; Bass Avolio, 1990; Effelsberg, Solga, Gurt, 2014; Marks Printy, 2003; Pearce Sims Jr, 2002; Piccolo Colquitt, 2006; Ross, Fitzpatrick, Click, Krouse, Clavelle, 2014; Spreitzer, Perttula, Xin, 2005) that transformational leadership is the most important kind of leadership. Moreover, transformational leadership encompasses my leadership style and the effects of my leadership. Therefore, I will be adopting Northouses (2010) definition of leadership, with reference to Kouzes and Posners (2006) general definition of the five practices of leadership and Forsters (2005) definition of the difference between leadership and managerial activities. However, I will also be defining and focusing upon transactional leadership as a plausible alternative to transformational leadership in specific scenarios.Another necessary definition is that of ethical leadership. There are six factors ADDIN EN.CITE Mey20145481(Mey, Lloyd, Ramalingum, 2014; Morrison, 2006)5481548117Mey, MichelleLloyd, HendrikRamalingum, KomanEthical Leadership Essential for an Ethical EnvironmentMediterranean Journal of Social SciencesMediterranean Journal of Social Sciences89752020142039-2117/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/3812/3735Morrison200634363436343617Morrison, AllenEthical standards and global leadershipAdvances in Global LeadershipAdvances in global leadership165-17942006(Mey, Lloyd, Ramalingum, 2014; Morrison, 2006) related to ethical leadership: Character, actions, goals, honesty, power, and values. Each of these factors plays a role in ethical leadership. Character is important because it is a root of ethical behavior; although there is evidence that ethical leadership can be practiced by people who lack an affective affinity for ethics, it seems that people who a lready possess ethical (that is, magnanimous, conscientious, and honest) characters make better ethical leaders ADDIN EN.CITE Mey20145481(Mey et al., 2014)5481548117Mey, MichelleLloyd, HendrikRamalingum, KomanEthical Leadership Essential for an Ethical EnvironmentMediterranean Journal of Social SciencesMediterranean Journal of Social Sciences89752020142039-2117/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/3812/3735(Mey et al., 2014). Actions are important because they represent the actual fruits of ethical leadership, that is, the tangible outcomes by which such leadership can be evaluated ADDIN EN.CITE Spears19954188(Spears, 1995)418841886Spears, L.Reflections on leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of Servant-leadership influenced today's top management thinkers1995New York, NYWiley(Spears, 1995). An ethical person whose actions are unethical is not practicing ethical leadership. Goals are important because ethical leadership is itself an aspiration; oftentimes, the conditions to practice ethical leadership do not exist, in which the ethical leader has to set, and meet, goals related to creating an environment that is actually conducive to ethical leadership ADDIN EN.CITE Russell20011428(Russell, 2001)1428142817Russell, Robert FThe role of values in servant leadershipLeadership Organization Development JournalLeadership Organization Development Journal76-8422220010143-7739(Russell, 2001). Honesty is important because it is a fundamental component of an ethical character ADDIN EN.CITE Fernando20093863(Fernando, 2009)386338636Fernando, A.C.Business ethics2009New York, NYPearson(Fernando, 2009). Without honesty, an ethical character is weakened, and the leader is less likely to take ethical actions. Power matters because, without it, the ethical leader cannot be effective ADDIN EN.CITE Forster2005844(Forster, 2005)8448446Forster, N.Maximum performance2005New York, NYEdward Elgar(Forster, 2005). A disempowered ethical leader is unlikely to create an enviro nment or culture conducive to the practice of ethical leadership, or to be able to lead followers in an ethical manner. Values matter because they are also part of the bedrock of ethical character, and also because honesty is an example of an ethical value ADDIN EN.CITE (Graham, 1991; Russell, 2001; Russell Stone, 2002; Sendjaya Sarros, 2002; van Dierendonck Patterson, 2015). Thus, all six components of ethical leadership are important in their own right, and they also happen to be interconnected to each other in the various ways discussed above. Ethical l...